First Name: | John |
---|---|
Last Name: | Hopkins |
Email Address: | ieh@cal.net |
Affiliation | Cal Habitat Conservation Planning Coalit |
Subject | Need to incorporate this set of natural and working lands benefits |
Comment |
In addressing the benefits of natural and working lands for addressing Greenhouse Gas emissions it is essential include the following items. * Encompass all natural lands, including lands in southern California that are not utilized for livestock grazing. For example mature chaparral ecosystems in southern California can be a significant carbon sink (Luo et al, 2007). * Recognize and assist major ongoing conservation. County-scale Natural Community Conservation Plans and regional Habitat Conservation Plans being prepared or implemented across the state will, when completed, provide permanent conservation of over 2 million acres. This includes significant acreage in addition to acres protected to mitigate for impacts of economic activities. Until protected, most of these lands are threatened by development. The conservation protects existing sequestered carbon, and provides opportunities for additional carbon sequestration. The requirement for management plans and adaptive management programs will, in many cases, provide opportunities for habitat-friendly management that increases carbon sequestration. * Utilize both conservation easements and fee simple acquisition, as appropriate in individual situations, for the permanent protection of natural and working lands. * Recognize the importance of soil carbon (Potter, 2010) * Recognize that the loss of natural ecosystems is severe and ongoing. Liu et al (2012) projected that 17 percent of the grassland and shrubland areas in California's Mediterranean climate region will be lost to conversion between 2005 and 2050. The major causes are urban/suburban/rural development and conversion to orchards and vineyards. Essentially all of the remaining coastal sage scrub habitat in southern California that is not protected as conservation land (primarily through Natural Community Conservation Plans) will be lost to suburban and rural development. All of these conversions will result in substantial release of CO2 into the atmosphere. For example, conversion of natural ecosystems to agricultural land results in loss of 25 to 50 percent of the original organic carbon (Lal, 2001). * When natural and working lands are converted to urban / suburban or rural development there are two carbon impacts. The first is loss of vegetation and soil carbon from land clearing and grading. The second is long term increased carbon emissions by vehicles and other uses in the developed areas. For example, a recent UC Davis study if Yolo County shows that the annual carbon emissions level of urban lands is 219-fold higher than rangelands and 70-fold higher than irrigated croplands (Jackson et al, 2012). * Build on existing research and data for non-forest, non-wetland ecosystems. There have been measurements of carbon fluxes at a few California rangeland locations; grasslands, oak savanna, and southern California chaparral. In dry years, rangelands are often a carbon sink, absorbing more carbon than is emitted into the atmosphere by respiration. In wetter years, particularly when there is some summer rainfall, increased respiration may result in a rangeland area being a carbon source. There is data showing that natural lands with woody vegetation, including oak woodlands an chaparral, are net carbon sinks. For example, Liu et. al. (2012) determine that grasslands and shrublands in Mediterranean climate California are a carbon sink ( -6.4 to +0.3 teragrams of carbon a year for the entire area). Silver (2009) and DeLonge et. al. (2014) state that California rangelands have the potential for considerable carbon sequestration in the soil. Baldocchi (2009) states that oak woodlands are carbon sinks ( - 92 +/- 43 gms carbon per square meter per year). A mature, 100 year old growth chamise chaparral stand was found to sequester 58 grams of carbon per square meter per year on average over a seven-year period). Walter Ochel and colleagues at San Diego State University have conducted broader studies on Southern California Chaparral and concluded that chaparral ecosystems are a significant carbon sink. (Oechel, 2013) * Recognize the full variety of co-benefits from the conservation of natural and working lands. These include protection and restoration of healthy watersheds, groundwater recharge, retention of floodwaters in natural and agricultural floodplains, protection and restoration of healthy ecosystems with their essential ecosystem function and processes, recreation and nature appreciation opportunities for urban dwellers, tourism, sustaining family ranches and farms and rural communities References Baldocchi D. (2009) Carbon and Water Exchange of an Oak-grass Savanna and Peatland Pasture Ecosystem. Berkeley Faculty Roundtable on Environmental Services in Rangeland Production systems. March 20 2009. University of California, Berkeley. DeLonge MS, Owen JJ and Silver WL. (2014) Greenhouse Gas Mitigation Opportunities in California Agriculture: Review of California Rangeland Emissions and Mitigation Potential. Nicholas Institute GGMOCA R 4. Durham, NC: Duke University Jackson L. et.al. (2012) Adaptation Strategies for Agricultural Sustainability in Yolo County, California. California Energy Commission Publication number: CEC-500-2012-032. Lal R. (2001) World Cropland Soils as a Source or Sink for Atmospheric Carbon, Advances in Agronomy. 71:145-191. Liu S. et. al. (2012) Baseline and Projected Future Carbon Storage and Greenhouse-Gas Fluxes in Ecosystems of the Western United States. In Zhu S and Reed BC, eds. Baseline and Projected Future Carbon Storage and Greenhouse-Gas Fluxes in Ecosystems of the Western United States. Chapter 5. U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1797. Reston VA. Luo H. et.al. (2007) Mature Semiarid Chaparral Ecosystems can be a Significant Sink for Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide. Global Change Biology. 13:386-396. Oechel W. (2013) The Effects of Climate Change: Elevated CO2, Climate Variability, and Fire, on the Functioning and Atmospheric Feedbacks of Chaparral of Southern California and the Desert of Baja California, Mexico. Powerpoint presentation. February 6 2013. www.otmed.fr/IMG/pdf/Walter_Oechel_06_February_2013.pdf Potter C (2010) The Carbon Budget of California. NASA Publications 81 http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/nasapub/81 Silver WL, Ryals R and Eviner V. (2010) Soil Carbon Pools in California's Annual Grassland Ecosystems. Rangeland Ecology and Management. 63:128-136. |
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Date and Time Comment Was Submitted: 2015-08-31 13:49:35 |
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