Bibliography#
CARB. EMFAC2025 User’s Guide. Mobile Source Analysis Branch. Air Quality Planning & Science Division. California Air Resources Board, August 2025. URL: https://ww2.arb.ca.gov/emfac2025-model-and-documentation.
U.S. EPA and U.S. DOT. Guidance for the Use of Latest Planning Assumptions in Transportation Conformity Determinations Revision to January 18, 2001 Guidance Memorandum. EPA420-B-08-901. Transportation and Regional Programs Division. Office of Transportation and Air Quality. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Office of Natural and Human Environment. Federal Highway Administration. U.S. Department of Transportation. Office of Planning and Environment. Federal Transit Administration. U.S. Department of Transportation., December 2008. URL: https://nepis.epa.gov/Exe/ZyPDF.cgi/P1002RFG.PDF?Dockey=P1002RFG.pdf.
U.S. EPA. Motor Vehicle Emission Simulator: MOVES5. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Office of Transportation and Air Quality, November 2024. URL: https://www.epa.gov/moves/latest-version-motor-vehicle-emission-simulator-moves.
Gil Tal, Seshadri Srinivasa Raghavan, Vaishnavi Chaitanya Karanam, Matthew P Favetti, Katrina May Sutton, JH Lee, C Nitta, D Chakraborty, M Nicholas, and T Turrentine. Advanced plug-in electric vehicle travel and charging behavior final report. 2020. URL: https://web.cs.ucdavis.edu/~cjnitta/pubs/2020_03.pdf.
ERG. Heavy-Duty Vehicle Accrual Rates. June 2019. URL: https://ww2.arb.ca.gov/sites/default/files/2021-02/erg_finalreport_hdv_accruals_20190614_plus_addendum.pdf.
FTA. The 2023 National Transit Database (NTD) Annual Data Products. Federal Transit Administration. U.S. Department of Transportation, December 2024. URL: https://www.transit.dot.gov/ntd.
CARB. The Innovative Clean Transit 2023 Report and Data. California Air Resources Board, November 2024. URL: https://ww2.arb.ca.gov/our-work/programs/innovative-clean-transit/reporting-tool-data.
CARB. EMFAC2021 Volume III Technical Documentation Version 1.0.1. Mobile Source Analysis Branch. Air Quality Planning & Science Division. California Air Resources Board, April 2021. URL: https://ww2.arb.ca.gov/sites/default/files/2021-08/emfac2021_technical_documentation_april2021.pdf.
CARB. EMFAC Modeling Change Technical Memo: Redistribution of Heavy Heavy-Duty Diesel Truck Vehicle Miles Traveled in California. California Air Resources Board, September 2006. URL: https://ww2.arb.ca.gov/sites/default/files/2023-10/on-2006-05.pdf.
CARB. Staff Report: Initial Statement of Reasons for the Proposed Amendments to the Truck and Bus Regulation, the Drayage Truck Regulation and the Tractor-Trailer Greenhouse Gas Regulation. Appendix G: Emissions Analysis Methodology and Results. California Air Resources Board, October 2010. URL: https://ww2.arb.ca.gov/sites/default/files/barcu/regact/2010/truckbus10/truckbusappg.pdf.
ORNL. Developing a Best Estimate of Annual Vehicle Mileage for 2009 NHTS Vehicles. Oak Ridge National Laboratory. Prepared for Federal Highway Administration National Household Travel Survey, June 2011. URL: https://nhts.ornl.gov/2009/pub/BESTMILE.pdf.
CARB. EMFAC2014 Volume III – Technical Documentation v1.0.7. Mobile Source Analysis Branch. Air Quality Planning & Science Division. California Air Resources Board, May 2015. URL: https://ww2.arb.ca.gov/sites/default/files/2023-01/emfac2014-vol3-technical-documentation-052015.pdf.
NuStats. 2010-2012 California Household Travel Survey Final Report Version 1.0. NuStats, LLC. Prepared for California Department of Transportation, June 2013. URL: http://www.dot.ca.gov/hq/tpp/offices/omsp/statewide_travel_analysis/Files/CHTS_Final_Report_June_2013.pdf.
DOF. Report P-1A: Total Population Projections, California, 2020-2060 (Baseline 2019 Population Projections; Vintage 2023 Release). Demographic Research Unit. California Department of Finance, July 2023. URL: https://dof.ca.gov/forecasting/demographics/projections/.
CEC. Transportation Fuel Price Forecasts. Revision of 27 November 2023. Transportation Energy Forecasting Unit. Demand Analysis Office. Energy Assessments Division. California Energy Commission, 2023.
CBO. The 2023 Long-Term Budget Outlook. Congressional Budget Office. Publication Number 59014, June 2023. URL: https://www.cbo.gov/publication/59014.
UCLA. Anderson Economic Forecast. California Air Resources Board Contract 21AQP003. University of California, Los Angeles, September 2023. URL: https://www.anderson.ucla.edu/about/centers/ucla-anderson-forecast.
Mark Jacobsen. Forecasting Light-Duty Vehicle New Sales and Retention Rates. Prepared for California Air Resources Board. CARB Agreement Number 21AQP018, January 2023. URL: https://ww2.arb.ca.gov/sites/default/files/2023-08/Final_Report_21AQP018_LDV_New_Sales_Retention_Rates_Forecasting.pdf.
CEC. 2025 Integrated Energy Policy Report. California Energy Commission, 2025. URL: https://www.energy.ca.gov/data-reports/reports/integrated-energy-policy-report-iepr/2025-integrated-energy-policy-report.
Ling Jin. Spatially Disaggregated Forecasting of ZEV Adoption in California (Contract NO. 22AQP010). Report In Preparation. California Air Resources Board, January 2023.
Ben Clark, Kiron Chatterjee, and Steve Melia. Changes in level of household car ownership: the role of life events and spatial context. Transportation, 43(4):565–599, 2016. URL: https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11116-015-9589-y, doi:10.1007/s11116-015-9589-y.
Ling Jin, Connor Jackson, Yuhan Wang, Qianmiao Chen, Tin Ho, C. Spurlock, Aaron Brooker, Jacob Holden, Jeffrey Gonder, Mohamed Bouzaghrane, Bingrong Sun, Shivam Sharda, Venu Garikapati, Tom Wenzel, and Juan Caicedo. Technology progress and clean vehicle policies on fleet turnover and equity: insights from household vehicle fleet micro-simulations with ATLAS. Transportation Planning and Technology, May 2024. URL: https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/03081060.2024.2353784.
FHWA. 2017 National Household Travel Survey. U.S. Department of Transportation. Federal Highway Administration, 2018. URL: https://www.nrel.gov/transportation/secure-transportation-data/tsdc-nhts-california.
CEC. 2019 California Vehicle Survey. California Energy Commission, 2019. URL: https://www.energy.ca.gov/data-reports/surveys/california-vehicle-survey.
FEC. Federal Elections 2016: Election Results for U.S. President, U.S. Senate, and U.S. House of Representatives. Federal Election Commission, 2016. URL: https://www.fec.gov/resources/cms-content/documents/federalelections2016.pdf.
FEC. Federal Elections 2020: Election Results for U.S. President, U.S. Senate, and U.S. House of Representatives. Federal Election Commission, 2020. URL: https://www.fec.gov/resources/cms-content/documents/federalelections2020.pdf.
CARB. EMFAC Fleet Database. California Air Resources Board, 2025. URL: https://arb.ca.gov/emfac/fleet-db/.
U.S. Census Bureau. American Community Survey (ACS) 5-Year Estimates, 2019–2023. 2024. URL: https://www.census.gov/programs-surveys/acs.html.
Andrew Owen and Brendan Murphy. Access Across America: Transit 2017 Data. Accessibility Observatory, University of Minnesota, 2018. URL: https://www.cts.umn.edu/publications/report/access-across-america-transit-2017.
CNT. Center for Neighborhood Technology, AllTransit, 2019. URL: https://alltransit.cnt.org.
Hanwei Zhu, Chengguo Li, Cavan McCaffery, Sam Cao, Kent C. Johnson, Georgios Karavalakis, and Thomas Durbin. Emissions from heavy-duty diesel, natural gas, and diesel-hybrid electric vehicles - Part 1. NOx, N2O and NH3 emissions. Fuel, 371:132175, 2024. URL: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0016236124013231, doi:10.1016/j.fuel.2024.132175.
Cavan McCaffery, Hanwei Zhu, Tianbo Tang, Chengguo Li, Georgios Karavalakis, Sam Cao, Adewale Oshinuga, Andrew Burnette, Kent C. Johnson, and Thomas D. Durbin. Real-world NOx emissions from heavy-duty diesel, natural gas, and diesel hybrid electric vehicles of different vocations on California roadways. Science of The Total Environment, 784:147224, 2021. URL: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048969721022956, doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.147224.
CARB. Heavy Duty In-use Compliance Programs. California Air Resources Board, January 2024. URL: https://ww2.arb.ca.gov/our-work/programs/heavy-duty-in-use-compliance-programs/about.
Jonathan Leonard, Patrick Couch, Thomas D. Durbin, Kent Johnson, Arvind Thiruvengadam, Marc Besch, and Sam Cao. In-Use Emissions Testing and Activity Profiles for On-Road Heavy-Duty Vehicles: Summary of 200 Heavy-Duty Vehicle Emissions Testing Program from the University of California, Riverside and West Virginia University. Prepared for California Energy Commission. Publication Number CEC-500-2023-002, March 2023. URL: https://www.energy.ca.gov/sites/default/files/2023-03/CEC-500-2023-002.pdf.
David C. Quiros, Jeremy Smith, Arvind Thiruvengadam, Tao Huai, and Shaohua Hu. Greenhouse gas emissions from heavy-duty natural gas, hybrid, and conventional diesel on-road trucks during freight transport. Atmospheric Environment, 168:36–45, 2017. URL: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1352231017305794, doi:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2017.08.066.
CARB. EMFAC2017 Volume III – Technical Documentation V1.0.2. Mobile Source Analysis Branch. Air Quality Planning & Science Division. California Air Resources Board, July 2018. URL: https://ww2.arb.ca.gov/sites/default/files/2023-01/emfac2017-volume-iii-technical-documentation.pdf.
Hanwei Zhu, Cavan McCaffery, Jiacheng Yang, Chengguo Li, Georgios Karavalakis, Kent C. Johnson, and Thomas D. Durbin. Characterizing emission rates of regulated and unregulated pollutants from two ultra-low NOx CNG heavy-duty vehicles. Fuel, 277:118192, 2020. URL: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0016236120311881, doi:10.1016/j.fuel.2020.118192.
Nigel N. Clark, David L. McKain, Derek R. Johnson, Scott W. Wayne, Hailin Li, Vyacheslav Akkerman, Cesar Sandoval, April N. Covington, Ronald A. Mongold, John T. Hailer, and Orlando J. Ugarte. Pump-to-Wheels Methane Emissions from the Heavy-Duty Transportation Sector. Environmental Science & Technology, 51:968–976, 2016. URL: https://pubs.acs.org/doi/full/10.1021/acs.est.5b06059, doi:10.1021/acs.est.5b06059.
CARB. SB 1014 Clean Miles Standard 2018 Base-year Emissions Inventory Report. California Air Resources Board, December 2019. URL: https://ww2.arb.ca.gov/sites/default/files/2019-12/SB%201014%20-%20Base%20year%20Emissions%20Inventory_December_2019.pdf.
David C.S. Beddows and Roy M. Harrison. PM10 and PM2.5 emission factors for non-exhaust particles from road vehicles: Dependence upon vehicle mass and implications for battery electric vehicles. Atmospheric Environment, 2021. URL: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1352231020306208, doi:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2020.117886.
Ye Liu, Haibo Chen, Jianbing Gao, Ying Li, Kaushali Dave, Junyan Chen, Matteo Federici, and Guido Perricone. Comparative analysis of non-exhaust airborne particles from electric and internal combustion engine vehicles. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 2021. URL: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0304389421015910, doi:10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.126626.
Victor R.J.H. Timmers and Peter A.J. Achten. Non-exhaust PM emissions from electric vehicles. Atmospheric Environment, 134:10–17, 2016. URL: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S135223101630187X, doi:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2016.03.017.
Sang-Hee Woo, Hyungjoon Jang, Seung-Bok Lee, and Seokhwan Lee. Comparison of total pm emissions emitted from electric and internal combustion engine vehicles: an experimental analysis. Science of The Total Environment, 2022. URL: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S004896972204058X, doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.156961.
CARB. Brake and Tire Wear Emissions. California Air Resources Board, 2025. URL: https://ww2.arb.ca.gov/resources/documents/brake-tire-wear-emissions.
CARB. Gasoline Reid Vapor Pressure Requirements. California Air Resources Board, April 2023. URL: https://ww2.arb.ca.gov/resources/documents/gasoline-reid-vapor-pressure-requirements.
CARB. Threshold guidance for the regulation for the mandatory reporting of greenhouse gas emissions. California Air Resources Board, March 2012. URL: https://ww2.arb.ca.gov/sites/default/files/classic/cc/reporting/ghg-rep/guidance/fuel-threshold.pdf.
CARB. Staff Report: Initial Statement of Reasons for the Proposed Advanced Clean Fleets Regulation. California Air Resources Board, August 2022. URL: https://ww2.arb.ca.gov/sites/default/files/barcu/regact/2022/acf22/isor2.pdf.
SunLine. SunLine Fuel Cell Buses & Hydrogen Onsite Generation Refueling Station Final Report. SunLine Transit Agency. Prepared in fulfillment of California Air Resources Board Grant G14-LCTI-11, August 2022. URL: https://ww2.arb.ca.gov/sites/default/files/2022-07/SunLine%20AQIP%20Final%20Report%20FINAL_accessible.pdf.
Jacob Goldberg, Teresa Pisano, Laura Hunter, Lauren Dunlap, Brett Grothen, Arron Paddock, Kevin Goss, Joe Sawa, Jared Leventhal, Giles Pettifor, Cory Sigler, Andrew Kotz, Michael Lammert, Matthew Jeffers, and Jason Lustbader. The Port of Los Angeles Zero- and Near-Zero-Emission Freight Facilities "Shore to Store" Project SunLine Fuel Cell Buses & Hydrogen Onsite Generation Refueling Station Final Report. SunLine Transit Agency. Prepared for California Air Resources Board. Grant Number: G17-ZNZE-10, May 2023. URL: https://docs.nrel.gov/docs/fy24osti/89761.pdf.
U.S. EPA. Final Rule: Greenhouse Gas Emissions Standards for Heavy-Duty Vehicles – Phase 3. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2024. URL: https://www.epa.gov/regulations-emissions-vehicles-and-engines/final-rule-greenhouse-gas-emissions-standards-heavy-duty.
U.S. EPA. Multi-Pollutant Emissions Standards for Model Years 2027 and Later Light-Duty and Medium-Duty Vehicles. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Federal Register, April 2024. Document Number: 2024-06214. URL: https://www.federalregister.gov/documents/2024/02/28/2024-06214/multi-pollutant-emissions-standards-for-model-years-2027-and-later-light-duty-and-medium-duty.
CARB. Staff Report: Initial Statement of Reasons for the Proposed Heavy-Duty Inspection and Maintenance Regulation. Appendix D: Emissions Inventory Methods and Results. California Air Resources Board, October 2021. URL: https://ww2.arb.ca.gov/sites/default/files/barcu/regact/2021/hdim2021/appd.pdf.
Governor of California. Executive Order N-79-20. California Secretary of State, September 2020. URL: https://www.gov.ca.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/9.23.20-EO-N-79-20-Climate.pdf.
CARB. Purpose and Rationale for State and Local Government Fleet Requirements. California Air Resources Board, August 2022. URL: https://ww2.arb.ca.gov/sites/default/files/barcu/regact/2022/acf22/apph1.pdf.
U.S. EPA. Final Rule and Related Materials for Control of Air Pollution from New Motor Vehicles: Heavy-Duty Engine and Vehicle Standards. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2023. URL: https://www.epa.gov/regulations-emissions-vehicles-and-engines/final-rule-and-related-materials-control-air-pollution.
U.S. EPA. Control of Air Pollution From New Motor Vehicles: Heavy-Duty Engine and Vehicle Standards. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Federal Register, December 2023. Document Number: 2022-27957. URL: https://www.federalregister.gov/documents/2022/12/30/2022-27957/control-of-air-pollution-from-new-motor-vehicles-heavy-duty-engine-and-vehicle-standards.
CARB. EPA Approval of EMFAC2021 Off-Model Adjustment Factors. California Air Resources Board, December 2025. URL: https://content.govdelivery.com/accounts/CARB/bulletins/3fe4c52.